Fan mail Q&A

Hello everyone,

As June goes by I decided to dedicate a blog post to answer a few of the emails I have gotten in one fell swoop. Names are obviously changed etc to preserve anonymity. As always if you have any questions feel free to email me at petroschrysafis@gmail.com

Q1: How will the U.K leaving the E.U affect the environment and the policies in place?

A: That's a good question. I don't know the specifics of E.U law but I do know that the E.U has certain laws that are set in place to protect migratory birds, nest sites as well as certain habitats all of which were protected in the U.K under E.U law. Therefore the U.K leaving the E.U means that may choose to manage those sites as they wish which may affect species if those sites/species aren't managed as they are in the E.U. For example if a specific species of geese is shot in the U.K but protected in the E.U it would have been protected under E.U law but now it will not. 

That being said there are a few ways this can change. Usually countries sign international law agreements so the U.K can participate in species/site conservation in the same way as the rest of the E.U. if it wishes.

Perhaps the biggest issue is the funding for conservation/research. The E.U. has money set aside to fund conservation efforts and research as well as money used by reserves and incentives for landowners to manage their land in specific ways. With that money gone the U.K government may either have to compensate the landowners and provide funding to reserves etc or conservation efforts may be undercut. 

Q2: What are your plans right now and the future?

A: Currently I am studying at CSU, Fresno doing a mixture of behavioural ecology and urban ecology. As for the future I am hoping to direct my studies back to wolves and mix behavioural ecology with conservation.

Q3: I live in Northern California, in what is now wolf country. A lot of people are saying that it's good but a few have mentioned " accidentally" shooting them. With the wolves moving further down what's going to happen to them?

A: First of all the Shasta Pack is doing very well. New images surfaced and they are a beautiful pack. Secondly there have been reports of another wolf in Lassen Country which is still unconfirmed. As it stands wolves in California are protected under the State and Federal laws so it would be illegal if any wolves are killed. Reporting individuals which say that they will kill wolves will amount to nothing sadly as it could just be an act. What  is going to happen is hard to tell but hopefully there will be a healthy population soon enough and wolves will live in California undisturbed by humans.

Q4: How far do you expect Pacific wolves to venture into California?

A: My guess is that undisturbed they will make it into the Sierra Nevada and edge on the Central Valley. That is going to be the proving grounds in terms of conservation efforts. The Central Valley is largely agricultural so depredation will likely occur. Now whether agricultural owners are going to be okay with compensation/coexistence remains to be seen. 

I doubt they will make it past Yosemite to be honest but wolves always seem to surprise. In fact wolves may move into Southern California if there ever is more progress in the Mexican wolf front.

That's all the questions I have. Thank you to everyone which send me emails asking me about my opinion on certain things and don't be afraid to send me more emails if want to know my opinion on anything else.

About the foxes in Cyprus

                                         (Photo credit: Patrick Callaby)


There are two topics I would like to discuss this week. One of them being the shooting of a gorilla in a zoo and the second in the red fox(Vulpes vulpes) in Cyprus.  I choose to start with the fox since I've expressed my opinion on zoos and management a few times in this blog.  

Cyprus is a small island in between Egypt and Turkey. It's got a variety of habitats that are representative of it's location at the equator. From shrublands to wetlands to pine forests, Cyprus manages to cram a lot of biodiversity in such a small space.

The main topic if discussion environmentally wise is the fox. Over the last few years, Cyprus red foxes have seemingly increased in numbers. In fact so much that Cyprus Game and Fauna service have deemed that it should be "managed". In fact some people have already taken law in their own hands and have killed a few of them. Never the less,  the reasoning behind the control of fox populations is the fact that fox numbers have now surpassed rabbit numbers which according to Game and Fauna is indicative of an unhealthy ecosystem as the predator has surpassed it's prey's population. Well there are a few things wrong about that so let's get started.

First things first: Every basic predator-prey relationship demonstrates a fluctuation in population numbers. Prey numbers go up while predator numbers are low, predator numbers increase causing a decline in prey and the predator numbers drop due to a declining prey population. It's ecology 101. So fox numbers being high means that there will likely be a drop next year due to lack of prey.

Assuming of course that foxes feed on just rabbits which they don't. Predator-prey models are only valid in a closed system or for predators with a very specific diet. In the fox's case, it's not so. Foxes are omnivores which means they can sustain themselves on pretty much anything. So fox numbers might still increase despite prey numbers dropping. Of course foxes will switch prey if they can't find rabbits.

So if foxes can't be controlled by prey then what can they be controlled with? Well one answer is disease and parasites. Overpopulated areas are more likely to be vulnerable to contagious diseases and parasites which can result in population declines. Another answer is intraspecific competition. Although foxes aren't known for killing each other in territorial disputes, the stronger foxes will push out others into less suitable territory which will result in poor living conditions and possibly death.
What is more a habitat has what we call carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is defined by how much of each species can survive on a habitat's resources. So nature has a system in place to keep predators at bay. However that's not to say that foxes will never need management. All I am saying is that it's too early to decide.

What needs to be done at this point is simple:

1)Monitor the fox population yearly and seasonally: Find out how many pups are born, where foxes den, how many there are etc.

2)Study fox diet: Scat samples can show us much more on the diet composition of the fox.

3)Game and Fauna Service should release their study to the public. Last time I checked their methods were outdated and not accurate. An independent consultant should be employed to run independent monitoring to make sure the numbers match up.

4)Enforcement should be present: Foxes should only be managed by officials and not everyone else

5)Observe fox population for at least three year and then make the decision.

6)Management should be scientifically accurate. Decisions should be made using ecologists to ensure a sustaining population

7)Priority should be given to areas where foxes could cause conservation issues such as  endangered bird nesting grounds or agricultural areas.

8)Last but not least: Hire some new blood. New blood in the Forestry department and the Game and Fauna will ensure that the science remains up to date and that we don't rely on just a few aspect of ecology to determine management.